Most narratives progress towards a climax. After the climax hopefully all the questions asked within the opening sequences have been answered in the closing sequence. This is the relationship between the opening and closing sequences. Sometimes a film may not answer all the questions set up within the narrative, which may defy audience expectations.

The cause and effect chain is a foundation of story telling. Basically it is the chain of events that take place in a film, which are linked. When events are joined together this creates a story. The role of cause and effect is to move the story forward in a ‘natural’ way so that is seems logical for a character to act in certain ways.

It is the characters’ motivations that provide the reason for events which in turn lead to other events. Without character motivation there is no cause and effect and the character can’t progress.